Emergency Medicine Association of Turkey Disaster Committee Summary of Field Observations of February 6th Kahramanmaras Earthquakes.

An earthquake measuring 7.7 magnitude on the Richter scale occurred at 04:17am on February 6, 2023 in the Pazarcik district of Kahramanmaras province Turkey. In the hours following the 7.7 magnitude event in Kahramanmaras, a second 7.6 magnitude earthquake struck the region and a third 6.4 magnitude earthquake struck Gaziantep, causing extensive damage and death. A total of ten provinces directly experienced the earthquake, including Kahramanmaras, Hatay, Gaziantep, Osmaniye, Malatya, Adana, Diyarbakir, Sanliurfa, Adiyaman, and Kilis. The official figures indicate 31,643 people were killed, 80,278 were injured, and 6,444 buildings were destroyed within seven days of the earthquakes (as of 12:00pm/noon on Monday, February 13th). The area affected by the earthquake has been officially declared to be 500km in diameter. This report primarily relies on observations made by pioneer Emergency Physicians (EPs) who went to the disaster areas shortly after the first earthquake (in the early stages of the disaster). According to their observations: (1) Due to winter conditions, there were transportation problems and a shortage of personnel reaching disaster areas on the first day after the disaster; (2) On the second day of the disaster, health equipment was in short supply; (3) As of the third day, health workers were unprepared in terms of knowledge and experience for the disaster; and (4) The subsequent deployment of health personnel to the disaster area was uncoordinated and unplanned on the following days, which resulted in the health personnel working there not being able to meet even their basic needs (such as food, heating, and shelter). During the first week, coordination was most frequently reported as the most significant problem.

Effect of the povidone iodine, hypertonic alkaline solution and saline nasal lavage on nasopharyngeal viral load in COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the in vivo activity of nasal irrigation (NI) with saline, NI with povidone-iodine (PVP-I) 1%, NI with a mix of hypertonic alkaline and PVP-I 1% against Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). DESIGN: This study was a prospective randomised clinical trial. SETTING: A multicenter study involving tertiary care centres. PARTICIPANTS: The study included adult outpatients whose qualitative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR tests in nasopharyngeal swabs were positive. One hundred twenty patients were divided into four equal groups. Standard COVID-19 treatment was given to Group 1, NI containing saline was added to patients' treatment in Group 2, NI containing 1% PVP-I solution was added to patients' treatment in Group 3, and NI containing 1% PVP-I solution and the hypertonic alkaline solution was added to patients' treatment in Group 4. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: On the first day of diagnosis (Day 0), nasopharyngeal swab samples were taken, on the third and fifth days the nasopharyngeal viral load (NVL) reduction in quantitative RT-PCR test was calculated. RESULTS: Between the zeroth to third days and zeroth to fifth days, the NVL reduction was significant in all groups (p < .05). In paired comparisons of groups, the NVL decrease in Group 4 in the first 3 days was significantly lower than all groups (p < .05). The NVL decrease in Groups 3 and 4 in the first 5 days were significantly lower than Group 1 (p < .05). CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the use of NI of 1% PVP-I and the hypertonic alkaline solution mixture was more effective in reducing NVL.

Cancer, platelet distribution width, and total protein levels as predictors of rebleeding in upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Background: Rebleeding is associated with poor outcomes in upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). Identifying predictors of rebleeding can assist in risk assessment. The aim of the study is to investigate the factors affecting rebleeding in patients with UGIB admitted to the emergency department. Methods: This retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with UGIB presented to the emergency department. Patients who did not arrest in the first 24 h, who were not diagnosed with GI malignancy, and who were clinically diagnosed with UGIB were included in the study. Patient demographic characteristics, hemodynamic parameters, patient parameters, and bleeding that may affect rebleeding were evaluated. The primary endpoint was rebleeding within 7 days. Results: The study included 371 patients. A total of 55 patients (14.8%) had rebleeding within 7 days, and 62 patients (16.7%) presented without bleeding manifestations. Rebleeding rates were higher in those who presented with bloody or coffee-ground vomitus, had a diagnosis of cancer, had blood in their nasogastric tube, and had peptic ulcers due to endoscopy. Mean cell hemoglobin concentration, lymphocyte, albumin, and total protein values of patients with rebleeding were low; red blood cell distribution width, neutrophil count, platelet distribution width (PDW), and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio were high. In-hospital mortality and 30-day mortality values of patients with rebleeding were significantly increased. In the multivariate analysis, cancer, PDW, and total protein levels were statistically significant. Conclusion: The presence of cancer, low total protein level, and high PDW are effective parameters in predicting 7-day rebleeding in patients with UGIB admitted to the emergency department.

Serum Cortisol as a Predictor of Major Adverse Pulmonary Event in Emergency Department Acutely Dyspneic Patients.

Cortisol is a steroid hormone released from the adrenal glands in response to stressful conditions. Elevated cortisol levels have been described in stress, but it is unclear whether these are associated with adverse outcomes. In this study, we assess whether cortisol levels drawn in patients presenting with dyspnea to the ED were a predictor of major adverse pulmonary event (MAPE). In 87 patients presenting with dyspnea to the ED, cortisol levels were determined. Patients were then assessed to determine the following MAPE: endotracheal intubation (ETI) in the ED, admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), and in-hospital all-cause mortality. Forty-four patients (50.6%) were female and 33 (37.9%) were diagnosed with heart failure. Cortisol levels in patients with and without MAPE were 34.3µg/dL and 23.8µg/dL, respectively (p<0.001). Also, cortisol levels were found higher in patients intubated in the ED than nonintubated patients (54.2µg/dL vs 25.7µg/dL, p<0.001), higher in patients admitted to the ICU (38.7µg/dL vs 24 µg/dL, p<0.001), and higher in patients who died in hospital (50µg/dL vs 24.3µg/dL, p<0.001). The area under the ROC curve using cortisol to detect any component of MAPE-ETI or ICU admission or in-hospital all-cause mortality-was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.65-0.84). A cortisol value of 31.4µg/dL had sensitivity of 70.8% and specificity of 79.4% for predicting MAPE. Patients in the MAPE group had higher serum cortisol levels than those without any MAPE. Cortisol may be used as a marker to predict MAPE in nontraumatic acutely dyspneic adult patients on ED admission.

A systematic review of safety and adverse effects in the practice of therapeutic hypothermia.

OBJECTIVE: To carry out a systematic review to estimate the rate and magnitude of adverse effects following therapeutic hypothermia (TH) procedure in patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and highlight the specific complications seen after the procedure. METHODS: A systematic review of currently published studies was performed following standard guidelines. Online database searches were performed for controlled trials for the last twenty years. Papers were examined for methodological soundness before being included. Data were independently extracted by two blinded reviewers. Studies were also assessed for bias using the Cochrane criteria. The adverse effects attributed to TH in the literature were appraised critically. RESULTS: The initial data search yielded 78 potentially relevant studies; of these, 59 were excluded for some reason. The main reason for exclusion (n = 43, 55.8%) was that irrelevance to adverse effects of TH. Finally, 19 underwent full-text review. Studies were of high-to-moderate (n = 12, 63%) to low-to-very low (n = 7, 37%) quality. Five studies (27.7%) were found to have high risk of bias, while 8 (42.1%) had low risk of bias. INTERPRETATION: Although adverse effects related to the practice of TH have been studied extensively, there is substantial heterogeneity between study populations and methodologies. There is a considerable incidence of side effects attributed to the procedure, e.g., from life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias to self-limited consequences. Most studies analyzed in this systematic review indicated that the procedure of TH has not caused severe adverse effects leading to significant alterations in the outcomes following resuscitation from OHCA. PROSPERO, registration number is: CRD42018075026.

A systematic review of the pain scales in adults: Which to use?

OBJECTIVE: The study analysed the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) and the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) to determine: 1. Were the compliance and usability different among scales? 2. Were any of the scales superior over the other(s) for clinical use? METHODS: A systematic review of currently published studies was performed following standard guidelines. Online database searches were performed for clinical trials published before November 2017, on the comparison of the pain scores in adults and preferences of the specific patient groups. A literature search via electronic databases was carried out for the last fifteen years on English Language papers. The search terms initially included pain rating scales, pain measurement, pain intensity, VAS, VRS, and NRS. Papers were examined for methodological soundness before being included. Data were independently extracted by two blinded reviewers. Studies were also assessed for bias using the Cochrane criteria. RESULTS: The initial data search yielded 872 potentially relevant studies; of these, 853 were excluded for some reason. The main reason for exclusion (33.7%) was that irrelevance to comparison of pain scales and scores, followed by pediatric studies (32.1%). Finally, 19 underwent full-text review, and were analysed for the study purposes. Studies were of moderate (n=12, 63%) to low (n=7, 37%) quality. CONCLUSIONS: All three scales are valid, reliable and appropriate for use in clinical practice, although the VAS is more difficulties than the others. For general purposes the NRS has good sensitivity and generates data that can be analysed for audit purposes.

Hemostatic efficacy of local chitosan linear polymer granule in an experimental sheep model with severe bleeding of arteria and vena femoralis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hemostatic effect of chitosan linear polymer in a sheep model with femoral bleeding. METHODS: Following induction of anesthesia and intubation of sheep, groin injury was induced to initiate hemorrhage. Animals were randomly assigned to study and control groups. In the control group, absorbent pads were packed on the wound, and pressure was supplied by a weight placed over the dressing. In the study group, chitosan linear polymer was poured onto the bleeding site; absorbent pads and pressure were applied in the same manner. At 5-min intervals, bleeding was evaluated. Primary endpoint was time to hemostasis. RESULTS: Bleeding had stopped by the 1st interval in 5 members of the study group, and by the 2nd interval in 1 member. One sheep was excluded. The bleeding stopped after the 1st interval in 1 member of the control group and after the 2nd interval in 4 members. Bleeding stopped in 2 cases following ligation of the bleeding vessel. Hemostasis was achieved earlier in the study group, compared to the control group, and the difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Hemostasis was achieved earlier following application of chitosan linear polymer.